What is a virtual phone number?
A virtual phone number is a real number on a real network that is not tied to a SIM card in your hand. The line exists with a carrier; what is virtual is the delivery of its messages.
Virtual is not the same as VoIP
This distinction decides whether a number works. A VoIP number is issued by an internet telephony provider and sits in number ranges that platforms can identify and block — and most do, because those ranges are cheap and endlessly reusable.
A virtual mobile number sits in an ordinary mobile range on an ordinary carrier. To the platform checking it, it is indistinguishable from the number in anyone's phone, because that is what it is.
Why platforms care
Phone verification exists to make accounts expensive to create. A number that costs nothing and can be recycled infinitely defeats that, so platforms maintain lists of ranges they will not accept. Mobile ranges stay accepted because blocking them would block real customers.
What you can do with one
Receive verification codes, keep a personal number off sign-up forms, hold a local number in a country you do not live in, and separate accounts that should not be linked.